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How Left-Wing Nonprofits Exploit American Taxpayers to Fund Their Agendas -Capital Research Center

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July 15, 2025

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Scott Walter’s Written Testimony to House Judiciary Subcommittee on Oversight
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Written Testimony to the House Judiciary
Subcommittee on Oversight

Rep. Jefferson Van Drew, chairman

Hearing on “How Leftist Nonprofit Networks Exploit Federal Tax Dollars to Advance a Radical Agenda”

Scott Walter
President, Capital Research Center

July 15, 2025

Chairman Van Drew, Ranking Member Crockett, distinguished members of the Subcommittee, thank you for the honor of testifying. I’m president of the Capital Research Center, where we study private and governmental money flows to special interest groups.

As your title points out, left-wing nonprofits have a history of exploiting the American taxpayer to fund their agendas. These groups’ private donors, like the notorious George Soros, have a right to spend their own money to advance the causes they believe in, just as other persons have a right to criticize the grave harms done by their giving. But these politicized “charities” do not have a right to commandeer other Americans’ tax dollars for their divisive work, and you and other Congressional committees have a duty to expose these money grabs to a public who will be shocked to learn how extensive these schemes are and often how radical are the efforts being financed.

The nonprofit where I work has existed for four decades but has never taken money from any governmental entity. The same is true of the Heritage Foundation, another conservative nonprofit testifying today. This self-restraint is understandable when one considers that conservatives support limited, Constitutional government.

Alas, left-wing groups see nearly every expansion of government, especially at the national level, as desirable, and one wonders about their motives when one sees how the growth of government can track neatly with the groups’ own growth in revenues. Indeed, at the Capital Research Center we note that many NGOs—“Non-Governmental Organizations”—are in fact BGOs: Basically Governmental Organizations. Over 35,000 of these groups receive most of their funds from government, not citizens.[1]

Federal Grantees Suing the Government

Nor are these groups afraid to bite the hand that feeds them. Just in the first month of the current Administration, 15 groups who had received federal cash from the previous Administration sued the current Administration, mostly to protest cuts in their receipt of tax dollars, which totaled $1.6 billion.[2] Four of the 15 had enjoyed support from the Justice Department: the American Bar Association, the American Federation of Government Employees union, Church World Services, and Northwest Immigrant Rights Project. Three of the 15 had received support from the US Agency for International Development (USAID): the AIDS Vaccine Advocacy Coalition, the Journalism Development Network, and Management Sciences for Health. Since then, many more federal grantees have piled on with still more litigation, using our tax dollars to try to ensure they receive ever more tax dollars.

The Solidarity Center and Other Federal Grantees

Another union entity enjoying taxpayer support is the Solidarity Center,[3] child of the country’s largest union federation, the AFL-CIO, and chaired by the AFL-CIO’s president. The Solidarity Center champions unions, which are major allies of one U.S. political party even as less than 10 percent of American workers deign to join a union.[4] The Center also champions radical agendas in support of Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion (DEI) and “climate justice.”[5] It’s suing the current administration because the Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE) recommended that Solidarity’s federal funding be cut off. It received $61 million of its all-time federal awards of $86 million under President Biden. By no coincidence, three Solidarity employees served in his Labor Department.[6] Solidarity receives 99 percent of its total revenue from American taxpayers.[7] It is, again, an offspring of the AFL-CIO, which gave 86% of its 2024 political donations to Democrats.[8]

Another Labor Department grantee is NextGen Climate America (aka, NextGen Policy), which was awarded $6 million in 2024 for apprenticeship programs. This 501(c)(3) “charity”[9] is part of a network of nonprofits and PACs using the NextGen name and created by Democratic megadonor Tom Steyer.[10] After the 2024 election, NextGen’s executive director declared the group was “incredibly disheartened” by Trump’s victory. He promised the group would “fight for progressive policy change to address environmental, social, racial, gender, and economic inequities in California through justice-centered legislative advocacy, grassroots partnerships, and democratic civic engagement.”[11]

Another grantee of political value to the last administration is UnidosUS, which under the Biden administration was awarded tens of millions in grants from four different departments.[12] Calling itself “the nation’s largest Hispanic civil rights and advocacy program,” UnidosUS insists American immigration laws are rooted in racism, advocates gun control and abortion, and opposes school resource officers. Its 501(c)(4) sister organization endorsed Joe Biden in 2020 and Kamala Harris in 2024.

An especially radical federal grantee is TransLatin@ Coalition, a transgender advocacy group that the last administration awarded millions of dollars in total from the Justice Department and the Labor and Health and Human Services Departments, enough to cause the group to disclose that half of its 2023 revenue came from government.[13] It hopes to achieve “a radical shift in the approach to Trans Liberation” and advocates ensuring youth access to puberty blockers, the decriminalization of various offenses it calls “survival crimes,” and expansive abortion access, in part because “carrying a child creates bodily changes that can cause dysphoria and prohibit trans men from ‘passing.’” It also supports abolishing U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) and calls the abolition of police an “ideal” outcome.[14] Majorities of Americans who vote in our democratic elections would oppose their tax dollars going to support this radical agenda, so perhaps we should call such funding “democracy suppression.”

The National Day Laborer Organizing Network,[15] another left-wing grantee from 2021 through 2024,[16] attacks Republican politicians in vicious terms. For instance, it helped its Biden paymasters when Donald Trump selected J.D. Vance as his running mate by having its general counsel write a blog post calling Vance “reprehensible,” a “menace,” and a “Trump-certified white nationalist.”[17] Similarly, the National Urban League was awarded $80.3 million worth of grants between 2021 and 2024 by the Labor Department,[18] and so in 2023 government grants accounted for 40 percent of its total revenues.[19] As my colleague Robert Stilson reports, the League is a reliable ally of the radical left-wing agenda. It has characterized our criminal justice system as plagued by “brutality,” praised President Biden’s death row commutations, described voter ID laws—which are supported by every racial group[20]—as “racially-targeted voter suppression tactics,” attacked objections to DEI policies as “white supremacist,” urged new gun control legislation such as a federal assault weapons ban, and called the overturning of Roe v. Wade “horrifying.”[21] The League’s president was rewarded with a featured speech to the 2024 Democratic National Convention, a speech that the League boosted over its social media even though it is a 501(c)(3) charity forbidden to intervene in elections.[22]

Defending Political Grantees from DOGE

When the House Oversight and Government Reform Subcommittee on Delivering on Government Efficiency (DOGE) recently held a hearing on “Public Funds, Private Agendas: NGOs Gone Wild,”[23] the Democratic Members invited a witness to defend the previous administration’s NGO grantees. They chose Diane Yentel, head of the National Council of Nonprofits. It was a perfect choice to demonstrate how left-wing nonprofits enrich themselves off the taxpayers while driving a political agenda that most of those taxpayers oppose.

Ms. Yentel and her Council are, of course, suing the Trump administration over budget cuts. What lawyers have they hired? The Democracy Forward Foundation, whose board includes President Biden’s chief of staff Ron Klain and has as its chairman Marc Elias, the Democratic “super-lawyer” whose partisanship is unrivaled.[24] Previously Ms. Yentel was a Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) employee in the Obama administration. She’s a “D.C. Insider” according to the Chronicle of Philanthropy, which reports that Biden considered her for a cabinet post.[25] Her previous job was leading the National Low Income Housing Coalition, an NGO that advocates for ever-more federal spending by HUD[26] and uses identity politics to justify its agenda.[27]

In one typical tweet, Ms. Yentel attacked DOGE and defended the radical Vera Institute of Justice,[28] which in 2023 received $207 million—or 79 percent—of its $263 million total revenues from government. The Vera Institute is a hard-left, George Soros-backed group whose priorities—soft-on-crime policies and the legal defense of illegal aliens—are opposed by America’s democratic majority.[29] Its biggest vendor in its last IRS filing was Blue State Digital,[30] which began life as President Barack Obama’s digital campaign team and now serves the Left’s nonprofits. Blue State is openly partisan, bragging that its 2012 presidential campaign for Obama “mobilized tens of millions of voters, raised an unprecedented $690 million online, and won 332 electoral votes on Election Day.”[31]

Improperly Influencing Climate Litigation

Federal funding of politically active environmentalist groups is a vast morass of corruption, especially the scandalous $27 billion Greenhouse Gas Reduction Fund in the so-called Inflation Reduction Act. This topic was considered in the House DOGE Subcommittee hearing mentioned earlier, and my fellow witness Daniel Turner gave a devastating summary of this slush fund that deserves quotation at length:

…a staffer from an environmental group called The Coalition for Green Capital named Jahi Wise joined the Biden EPA to direct $27 billion in green funding.[32] For context, $27 billion is larger than the budgets of the Departments of Treasury, Interior, and Commerce, yet Mr. Jahi went through no confirmation process, and his decision to direct tens of billions to organizations of his choosing had no Congressional oversight. Conveniently, under his tenure at this new EPA office, $5 billion was granted to his former organization, the Coalition for Green Capital. The abundance of green dollars created a new, pernicious mechanism: create a group for the sole purpose of getting government grants. For example, Power Forward Communities was only a few months old when it applied for, and received, nearly $9 billion to distribute at its own discretion. One lucky recipient was an organization affiliated with two-time Georgia Gubernatorial candidate Stacey Abrams. With only $100 in the bank this group received $2 billion.[33]

Some of these billions are being clawed back by the current administration, but I’m confident that the monies that do reach left-wing operatives like Stacey Abrams will pay political dividends to the party that dispatched the country’s tax dollars to its cronies.

At the same hearing, I testified about the Climate Judiciary Project, run by the Environmental Law Institute—an institute that from 2021 to 2024 enjoyed millions of dollars of awards for grants and contracts from the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA); the Departments of Justice, Homeland Security, Agriculture, and State; and the National Science Foundation. Its Climate Judiciary Project is allegedly “educating” federal and state judges about climate change and related litigation designed to extract billions of dollars from energy companies. But a more accurate description of its work has been given by Climate Litigation Watch, which reports that this scheme is an “effort by the plaintiffs’ climate tort movement … to brief federal judges on the plaintiffs’ cases with what they declare to be ‘the science’ behind climate, with speakers drawn exclusively from the world of plaintiffs’ witnesses or historic amicus brief filers in support of the climate litigation complex.” Climate Litigation Watch has a longer description[34] of how the Climate Judiciary Project occupied its initial host organism, the Federal Judicial Center. In a recent hearing[35] on climate lawfare, Sen. Ted Cruz provided the simplest description of the Climate Judiciary Project: “ex parte indoctrination.”

Funding Immigration Activists

Many more cases of “democracy suppression” occur in the area of immigration. Tyler O’Neil has a valuable chapter on the problem in his book The Woketopus: The Dark Money Cabal Manipulating the Federal Government,[36] which chronicles the billions of federal tax dollars that go to nonprofits who are paid to assist immigrants, legal and illegal, and of course can be counted on to lobby for ever-more tax dollars to be spent on the project as well as to denounce any public figure who advocates the majority view of Americans; namely, that our immigration laws should be enforced.

Likewise, Mark Krikorian of the Center for Immigration Studies recently testified to the House’s DOGE subcommittee about the many millions of dollars in federal grants, especially from USAID and the Department of State, going to NGOs that operate throughout Latin America in order to encourage immigration to America. “Through cash aid, legal advice, mental health sessions, and travel help,” Krikorian reports, “these actors have constructed a de facto shadow immigration system. This parallel system operates in direct defiance of U.S. federal immigration law yet is financed in part through congressional appropriations.”[37]

Notable Justice Department Grantees

Chinese for Affirmative Action. While nearly every federal department has grants and contracts that show left-wing groups exploiting the federal fisc to advance radical causes, it is especially appropriate for your committee to consider Justice Department grantees that demonstrate this problem. Consider for example, Chinese for Affirmative Action. It received $2 million for “a holistic, multi-disciplinary, trauma-informed, community-based approach to documenting [Asian American and Pacific Islander] hate incidents and provide crisis response, care and healing to those individuals and communities affected by hate incidents.”[38]

All decent Americans oppose hate crimes against any ethnic group, but this Justice grantee does a lot of work that would be far less popular than that admirable cause. For example, it issued a press release condemning the Supreme Court’s recent ruling on nationwide injunctions,[39] and it stated that Secretary of State Marco Rubio’s policy of revoking visas for “those with connections to the Chinese Communist Party or studying in critical fields” is a “racist and dangerous attack.”[40] The grantee raises money off of its fights against the Trump administration[41] and openly admits its political work: “In San Francisco, we expect to prevail on each of the ten ballot measure positions we took,” including “defeating wasteful police boondoggles.”[42] Lastly, the group employs Kelly Wong, the controversial non-citizen now sitting on San Francisco’s election commission despite not being able to vote legally.[43]

Gault Center. This Justice grantee advocates for attorneys for youths and received around $4.5 million in grant awards under the previous administration,[44] although this year it has already lost a grant that covered about half its annual budget.[45] It publishes a youth immigration defense tip sheet and other materials behind a password-protected website.[46] It also has a “racial justice toolkit” that is similarly kept behind a password,[47] and it published a document last month that subtly advises lawyers that their clients can try to obtain asylum by claiming to be transsexual.[48] It provides advice on how to keep illegal alien clients from being deported,[49] and its private funders include the John Arnold Foundation and the Annie E. Casey Foundation, which has a history of working with George Soros’s Open Society philanthropies.[50]

Chicago CRED. This Justice grantee is a violence intervention group co-founded by Obama Education Secretary Arne Duncan and left-wing philanthropist Laurene Powell Jobs. It was awarded $3.9 million in 2024. The group demonstrates at the state capital, demanding “permanent state funding”[51] and attended the 2018 March for Our Lives gun-control rally in Washington.[52] It has been attempting to receive Illinois Medicaid funding, too.[53] It has also advocated for another government funding stream, SNAP benefits (formerly known as food stamps), at a roundtable in its offices to which it invited Chicago’s Democratic Rep. Chuy Garcia, whom GovTracker.us rates as the “ninth most politically left” Member of the 435 Members of the House of Representatives.[54]

Acacia Center for Justice. This Justice Department grantee and contractor spun off from the Vera Institute, the hard-left, Soros-backed group famous for its soft-on-crime, soft-on-illegal immigration advocacy. Its federal awards in the previous administration topped $769 million, although after the Washington Free Beacon ran an article on the group in which Capital Research Center was quoted, Acacia had its funding cut by the current administration. The Beacon’s initial article reported that the left-wing group serves as the lead contractor for a massive federal immigration contract even as it claims our immigration system is “intentionally designed” to exploit “Black and brown people.” Acacia, the Beacon adds, insists that “no immigrant should be detained,” argues electronic surveillance to track illegal aliens “must be abolished,” and demands that “the use of local law enforcement for immigration purposes … must be dismantled.”[55] My colleague Parker Thayer commented to the Beacon that “It would be absurd for the government to continue funding a soft-on-crime, open borders activist group that has openly stated its intention to work against the incoming administration.” Soon after, the Beacon published a follow-up story, reporting that Acacia said the Department of the Interior ordered it to “stop all work” on its contract to provide legal services to unaccompanied alien children.[56]

Activating Change. This grantee was awarded around $10 million in the previous administration.[57] It uses the identity politics concept of “intersectionality” in its advocacy for resources for deaf and disabled victims, particularly those who are ethnic minorities, claiming they are in greater need due to societal oppression and the disadvantages they suffer from being disabled.[58] Launched in 2005 as a fiscally sponsored project of the notorious Vera Institute, mentioned previously, in 2021 it became an independent nonprofit.[59]

Conclusion

The groups and grants mentioned here are only the tip of the iceberg of federal funding for left-wing nonprofits. Entire books could be written on the abusive funding enjoyed by such divisive, radical groups, and much more data can be found in Capital Research Center’s ongoing catalogue of the problem at TheDogeFiles.org, which chronicles some of the worst grants from department after department. If such funding were put to a vote of the American public, little to none of it would survive the democratic process. The more powerfully that Members of Congress can reveal this sordid cronyism to the public, the more support will increase to end these abuses.

Every American has a right to voice his or her political opinions and to fund megaphones to amplify those opinions, but no nonprofit or American—especially no billionaires like George Soros, Bill Gates, or Pierre Omidyar—has a right to take the tax dollars of other Americans to fund their opinions.

Thank you.

Appendix 1

Notes

[1] Cathleen Clerkin, Anna Koob, and David Wolcheck, “How Reliant Are Nonprofits on Government Grants?,” Candid, February 6, 2025, https://blog.candid.org/post/how-many-nonprofits-rely-on-government-grants-data/.

[2] Full details are given in Appendix 1.

[3] Officially, the American Center for International Labor Solidarity.

[4] U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, “Union Members—2024,” January 28, 2025, https://www.bls.gov/news.release/pdf/union2.pdf.

[5] See InfluenceWatch, “American Center for International Labor Solidarity (Solidarity Center),” https://www.influencewatch.org/labor-union/american-center-for-international-labor-solidarity-solidarity-center/.

[6] Tyler O’Neil, “Labor Department Confirms Bureaucrat on Leave amid Woke Conflict of Interest Questions,” Daily Signal, June 2, 2025, https://www.dailysignal.com/2025/06/02/union-activist-group-got-millions-grants-after-former-employee-went-work-grant-making-agency/.

[7] See American Center for International Labor Solidarity, Form 990, ProPublica, 2023, p. 9, https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/521984713/202443189349306369/full.

[8] OpenSecrets, “AFL-CIO,” https://www.opensecrets.org/orgs/afl-cio/recipients?id=d000000088.

[9] InfluenceWatch, “NextGen Policy (NextGen Climate America),” https://www.influencewatch.org/non-profit/nextgen-policy-nextgen-california/.

[10] InfluenceWatch, “Steyer Network,” https://www.influencewatch.org/non-profit/steyer-network/.

[11] NextGen Policy, “NextGen California Issues Statement on 2024 General Election,” November 7, 2024, https://www.nextgenpolicy.org/nextgen-california-issues-statement-on-2024-general-election/.

[12] USAspending.gov, https://www.usaspending.gov/search?hash=d161f39c3a8a4e0681197838106e33b4.

[13] See TransLatin Coalition, Form 990, ProPublica, 2023, p. 9, https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/273801872/202412359349300921/full.

[14] See TransLatin Coalition, “Trans Policy Agenda 2024,” https://www.translatinacoalition.org/s/TLC_Trans_Policy_Agenda_2024.pdf.

[15] InfluenceWatch, “National Day Laborer Organizing Network (NDLON),” https://www.influencewatch.org/non-profit/national-day-laborer-organizing-network/.

[16] USAspending.gov, https://www.usaspending.gov/search/?hash=f3357f3ad15903504e2c3c5ce2d20ed5.

[17] https://web.archive.org/web/20250216115120/https://ndlon.org/ndlon-reaction-to-vance/.

[18] USAspending.gov, https://www.usaspending.gov/search/?hash=5fc84c82c4956335f47b2f37b443107c.

[19] National Urban League Inc, Form 990, ProPublica, 2023, https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/131840489/202402999349302015/full.

[20] 82 percent of Black and 83 percent of Hispanic voters favor photo ID laws: Honest Elections Project, “Election Integrity Measures Remain Popular,” https://honestelections.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/July_2023_HEP-_Polling_Memo.pdf.

[21] Citations for all quotations are in Robert Stilson, “DOGE and the Department of Labor,” Capital Research Center, January 9, 2025, https://capitalresearch.org/article/doge-and-the-department-of-labor/.

[22] National Urban League, X, August 19, 2024, 7:02 PM, https://x.com/NatUrbanLeague/status/1825669578451546573.

[23] U.S. House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, Subcommittee on Delivering on Government Efficiency, “Public Funds, Private Agendas: NGOs Gone Wild,” June 4, 2025, https://oversight.house.gov/hearing/public-funds-private-agendas-ngos-gone-wild/.

[24] InfluenceWatch, “Democracy Forward Foundation (DFF),” https://www.influencewatch.org/non-profit/democracy-forward-foundation/.

[25] Eden Stiffman, “An Outspoken CEO Rises to Defend Nonprofit Sector in Turbulent Times,” Chronicles of Philanthropy, April 29, 2025, https://www.philanthropy.com/article/an-outspoken-ceo-rises-to-defend-nonprofit-sector-in-turbulent-times.

[26] National Low Income Housing Coalition, “Federal Budget & Spending,” https://nlihc.org/federal-budget-and-spending.

[27] National Low Income Housing Coalition, “Racial Equity and Fair Housing,” https://nlihc.org/explore-issues/policy-priorities/fair-housing.

[28] Diane Yentel, X, April 16, 2025, 6:06 PM, https://x.com/dianeyentel/status/1912628724656112011.

[29] InfluenceWatch, “Vera Institute of Justice (VIJ),” https://www.influencewatch.org/non-profit/vera-institute-of-justice/.

[30] See Vera Institute of Justice Inc, Form 990, ProPublica, p. 8, https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/131941627/202411369349319281/full.

[31] Blue State, “Obama 2012,” https://www.bluestate.co/case-studies/obama-for-america-2012/.

[32] Thomas Catenacci, “‘Serious Conflicts of Interest’: Biden EPA Official Oversaw $5B Grant to His Former Employer,” Washington Free Beacon, February 20, 2025, https://freebeacon.com/energy/activist-slush-fund-biden-epa-official-steered-5b-to-his-former-employer/.

[33] Daniel Turner, testimony before Subcommittee on Delivering on Government Efficiency, U.S. House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, June 4, 2025, https://oversight.house.gov/hearing/public-funds-private-agendas-ngos-gone-wild/.

[34] Climate Litigation Watch, “Prep the Judges, Lest Ye be Judged,” May 26, 2021, https://climatelitigationwatch.org/prep-the-judges-lest-ye-be-judged/.

[35] U.S. Senate Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee on Federal Courts, Oversight, Agency Action, and Federal Rights, “Enter the Dragon—China and the Left’s Lawfare Against American Energy Dominance,” June 25, 2025, https://www.judiciary.senate.gov/committee-activity/hearings/enter-the-dragonchina-and-the-lefts-lawfare-against-american-energy-dominance.

[36] Tyler O’Neil, The Woketopus: The Dark Money Cabal Manipulating the Federal Government (Bombardier Books, 2025), https://www.amazon.com/Woketopus-Money-Manipulating-Federal-Government/dp/B0DFVK74TZ.

[37] Mark Krikorian, statement before Subcommittee on Delivering on Government Efficiency, U.S. House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, June 4, 2025,

https://oversight.house.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/Krikorian-Written-Testimony.pdf.

[38] USAspending.gov, https://www.usaspending.gov/award/ASST_NON_15PBJA24GK02981JAGP_015.

[39] Chinese for Affirmative Action, “Asian American Leaders and Elected Officials Condemn Supreme Court Decision Weakening Injunctions Against Trump’s Birthright Citizenship Order,” June 27, 2025, https://caasf.org/press-release/asian-american-leaders-and-elected-officials-condemn-supreme-court-decision-weakening-injunctions-against-trumps-birthright-citizenship-order/.

[40] Chinese for Affirmative Action, “Fact Sheet for Chinese Student Visa Holders,” May 30, 2025, https://caasf.org/2025/05/fact-sheet-for-chinese-student-visa-holders/.

[41] Chinese for Affirmative Action, “Trump Isn’t Slowing down—but Neither Are We!,” May 20, 2025, https://caasf.org/2025/05/spring-newsletter-2025-trump-isnt-slowing-down-but-neither-are-we/.

[42] Chinese for Affirmative Action, “CAA’s Statement on the 2024 Election,” November 8, 2024, https://caasf.org/2024/11/caas-statement-on-the-2024-election/.

[43] Melissa Koenig, “Non-Citizen Chinese Immigrant Is Sworn in on San Francisco’s Election Commission,” New York Post, February 21, 2024, https://nypost.com/2024/02/21/us-news/non-citizen-chinese-immigrant-is-sworn-in-on-sfs-election-commission/.

[44] USAspending.gov, https://www.usaspending.gov/search?hash=a3921f6d02dcf9895c53b1ed03122a5a.

[45] Nell Bernstein, “Trump Delivers Massive Blow to Youth Justice Programs,” The Imprint, April 29, 2025, https://imprintnews.org/justice/juvenile-justice-2/trump-delivers-massive-blow-to-youth-justice-programs/260778.

[46] Gault Center, “Immigration,” https://www.defendyouthrights.org/issues/immigration/.

[47] Gault Center, “Racial Justice Toolkit,” https://www.defendyouthrights.org/resources/racial-justice-toolkit/about-the-toolkit/.

[48] Gault Center, “Practice Advisory: Considerations in Asylum Claims for Transgender People,” June 2, 2025, https://www.defendyouthrights.org/wp-content/uploads/Practice-Advisory-Trans-Asylum-Claims.pdf.